One of the best ways to
prevent a coronavirus
infection is to wash your hands with soap and water — and when
soap and water aren't available, public health experts say alcohol-based hand
sanitizer is the next best option.
But just how effective
are gels and sprays when it comes to getting rid of dangerous germs, such as
the coronavirus? Here are seven things you should know about hand sanitizer.
1. Hand sanitizer kills
germs but doesn't clean your hands
Soap and water reign
supreme when it comes to infection control, but believe it or not, soap and
water do not kill germs; they remove them. The duo's effectiveness boils down
to the mechanics of handwashing.
The rubbing and
scrubbing of soap between your palms and fingers creates
friction that breaks down the structure of the bacteria and loosens the germs
from your skin, explains Maryanne McGuckin, an infection prevention specialist
and author of The Patient Survival Guide: 8 Simple Solutions to Prevent
Hospital- and Healthcare-Associated Infections. When you rinse your hands
under water, you wash those germs down the drain.
Alcohol-based hand
sanitizers, on the other hand, do kill germs on the skin — most germs, anyway.
Hand sanitizer is less effective at killing Cryptosporidium,
norovirus and Clostridium difficile, all of which cause diarrhea,
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says. Scientists suspect
hand sanitizer does, however, kill the coronavirus.
Hand sanitizers also don't
work as well if your hands are visibly dirty or greasy, and they may not remove
harmful chemicals such as pesticides and heavy metals like lead.
2. Sanitizer trumps soap
and water in certain situations
Because handwashing —
when done properly — is better at getting rid of germs and grime, hand
sanitizer, for the most part, should be used as a backup to soap and water.
“The time to use hand sanitizer is when you can't get to a sink and some clean
water and a clean towel,” says Elaine Larson, professor emerita of epidemiology
at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health and a scholar in
residence at New York Academy of Medicine.
That said, the CDC
recommends using hand sanitizer as a first choice in certain situations, such
as before and after visiting a friend or loved one in a hospital or nursing
home. (That's why you'll often see dispensers posted directly outside patient
rooms.) A squirt of hand sanitizer on your way in and out reduces the
likelihood you'll introduce a dangerous bug or leave with one. It's also a good
idea to use hand sanitizer regularly when interacting with people who have
weakened immune systems, Larson says.
3. Not all hand
sanitizers are equal
To kill most
disease-causing germs, the CDC recommends using a hand sanitizer that contains
at least 60 percent alcohol. Anything less than that may not work as well “for
many types of germs,” and could “merely reduce the growth of germs rather than
kill them outright,” the CDC says.
When searching the
shelves, you may come across hand sanitizers that contain
benzalkonium chloride instead of alcohol. These products, however, are not
recommended by the CDC, since “available evidence indicates benzalkonium
chloride has less reliable activity against certain bacteria and viruses”
compared to alcohol-based sanitizers.
4. Sanitizing technique
matters
Hand sanitizer works
best when used correctly. Apply the recommended amount to the palm of your hand
(make sure it's enough to cover the entire surface of both hands) and
distribute the sanitizer all over, paying special attention to the fingertips,
“because that's where you touch most other
things,” Larson says.
Continue rubbing the hand sanitizer into your hands until your
skin is completely dry — it should take about 20 seconds. This step is key,
both Larson and McGuckin say.
"The alcohol works
and it does kill the virus and most bacteria, but the problem that we have … is
that people don't use it appropriately for the given period of time,” McGuckin
adds.
5. Cleaning products are
not a substitute for hand sanitizer
Disinfectant sprays and
antibacterial cleaning wipes should not be used as stand-ins for hand
sanitizer. These products are meant for “hard, nonporous surfaces,” not human
skin, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) says.
Even so, some people are
using them this way. A report released by the CDC in early June found that
approximately one-third of adult respondents in a recent survey engaged in
“non-recommended high-risk practices” with cleaning supplies in an effort to
prevent a coronavirus infection. These practices included using bleach on
food products, applying household cleaning and disinfectant products
to skin, and inhaling or ingesting cleaners and disinfectants — all of which
are unsafe.
6. Hand sanitizer can be
dangerous
Hand sanitizer can be
toxic when ingested, especially by children. It can irritate the lining of the
throat and cause gastrointestinal issues. And “drinking only a small amount”
can cause alcohol poisoning in kids, according to the FDA. If you or your child
ingests hand sanitizer, call poison control or a medical professional
immediately.
Hand sanitizer is also
flammable. Though the CDC says the incidence of
fires due to alcohol-based hand sanitizer is “very low,” it
advises hospitals, nursing homes and other health care facilities to store hand
sanitizer in a safe manner away from sources of ignition. The U.S. Postal
Service also has restrictions on shipping alcohol-based hand
sanitizer through the mail due to flammability concerns.
7. Homemade hand sanitizer
can be ineffective
There's no shortage of
recipes for homemade hand sanitizer on the internet during this pandemic era.
But the FDA, which regulates hand sanitizers, says it's best to leave the
production of germ-killing gels to the professionals.
"If made
incorrectly, hand sanitizer can be ineffective, and there have been reports of
skin burns from homemade hand sanitizer,” the agency says.
Also: Adding rubbing
alcohol to a bottle of non-alcohol hand sanitizer will not make the sanitizer
more powerful. The FDA says it “is unlikely to result in an effective product.” AARP
I personally use straight 70% alcohol rather than popular hand sanitizers that leave a residue meant to moisten skin. Yes, the alcohol dries out skin, but after arriving home and washing my hands, I use a skin softener only if needed.
ReplyDeleteEven hardware stores sell generic 70% alcohol in large bottles.