Donald Trump’s rhetoric and
actions against Iran, Venezuela and Cuba over the last year have few parallels
in modern history. They have to be seen as marking a new stage. As such they
call for a reevaluation of analysis and strategy on the part of the Left.
Trump’s repeated threat to bomb Iran “back to the Stone Ages where they belong” is unmatched by the rhetoric of even the most notorious and brutal heads of state over the recent past. Decapitating the entire leadership of a country to compel total submission, as Washington and Tel Aviv have done in Iran, is also a novelty in war strategy.
The kidnapping of Venezuela’s president and First Lady as a first step in
attempting to establish a colonial relationship by taking complete control of
the country’s principal source of revenue, namely petroleum, represents a
throwback to practices associated with centuries-old imperial rule
These are examples of
“hyper-imperialism,” a concept theorized by Samir Amin to describe the United
States “as
the sole capitalist superpower.” More recently, the Tricontinental:
Institute for Social Research has observed that U.S. hyper-imperialism persists
despite a marked erosion of its economic and, though to a lesser extent,
financial power. Its military supremacy is not only unrivaled, but is
complemented by hybrid warfare, most notably “hyper-sanctions” and the use of
lawfare.
What needs to be added to the concept of hyper-imperialism, particularly Trump’s version of it, is its sui generis nature. To find a parallel for the kind of hegemony the United States now exercises – highlighted by the continuous indiscriminate use of force and the threat of it – one would have to look back to the Roman empire or even earlier.
One of Trump’s innovations is his deployment of the military to
reinforce the system of economic sanctions, examples being the interdiction of
oil tankers, the quarantine of Cuban oil, and full-scale war against Iran.
Trump II’s foreign policy hardly represents a complete break from the past. The groundwork was laid by past Democratic and Republican administrations. However, his actions force the Left not only to reformulate strategies, but to reconsider past evaluations and analyses of nations of the Global South subjected to extreme forms of imperialist aggression.
The resistance to U.S. aggression must be given greater
weight when evaluating governments. In addition, the popular desperation and
exhaustion that erode revolutionary fervor and distance people from those same
governments should be understood in light of the daily trauma people endure as
a direct result of imperialist actions.
What Trump’s
hyper-imperialism tells us
The starting point is to
recognize that since Trump’s return to the White House, Iran, Venezuela and
Cuba have been in a de facto state of war, which is an escalation of the
multiple forms of hostility and aggression of past years. This is key to how
all three nations should be judged. While the Left’s commitment to democracy
needs to remain unquestionable and unwavering, in these cases primary
responsibility for democracy’s somewhat uncertain prospects lies with the siege
imposed by imperialist powers. No one other than James Madison said
“Of all the enemies to public liberty, war is perhaps the most to be dreaded.”
The encirclement imposed by
hyper-imperialism on Iran, Cuba, and Venezuela illuminates salient features of
imperialism going back in time: first, Washington has honed the sanctions
regime into a powerful tool, sometimes inflicting damage comparable to armed
intervention; second, imperialism is the principal driver of the pressing
economic problems facing the three nations; third, the justification for the
actions taken against the three nations does not hold up under scrutiny; and
fourth the brutality of the sanctions system underscores the need for its
complete elimination. The discussion below looks at these points.
Tehran’s response to Operation
Epic Fury underscores the crushing impact of sanctions. The nation’s leaders
have made clear that the lifting of sanctions – as well as “international guarantees of U.S.
non-interference” in the nation’s internal affairs – is a non-negotiable
condition for ending the current conflict. That is to say, the Iranian leaders
place the destruction caused by the sanctions on a similar footing as the bombs.
In the case of Venezuela, the
events leading up to the abduction of Nicolás Maduro and Cilia Flores on
January 3, 2026, reveal the far-reaching and highly coordinated machinery
underpinning the sanctions regime. The second Trump administration’s tracking of
the “ghost fleet” carrying Venezuela’s sanctioned oil—and its interdiction of
several of those vessels— underscores how far Washington has gone in perfecting
sanctions enforcement since the early years of the Cuban Revolution.
The first Trump administration pioneered in promoting “overcompliance” in which Washington’s well-publicized monitoring was designed to assure that companies and financial institutions world-wide would shun all transactions with Venezuela, even ones not specifically targeted by the sanctions.
The aim was to impose a veritable blockade.
Mike Pompeyo and
Elliot Abrams spearheaded a campaign – drawing on the FBI, the Treasury, U.S.
embassies, and the intelligence community – to scrutinize the dealings of
companies worldwide with Venezuela, in what amounted to a warning shot to
companies throughout the world. Even firms that
engaged in oil-for-food swaps, which were not proscribed by the sanction
regime, were warned that they ran risks. Companies under investigation were
likewise told that penalties could be suspended if they halted all dealings
with Venezuela.
A retrospective look at the
first Trump administration’s sweeping enforcement measures and their
devastating impact reinforces the argument that the sanctions have been so
harmful that they need to be dismantled unconditionally and entirely. This
position contrasts with that of liberals such as the Washington Office on Latin
America (WOLA), which criticized the sanctions against Venezuela yet called for
using “negotiations to
flexible financial and oil sanctions” as leverage to secure concessions.
Indeed, power
brokers in Washington also favored sanctions relief as a bargaining
tool to push the Maduro government to enact market-oriented reforms to the
benefit of U.S.
capital.
A full grasp of the scale and
severity of Washington’s “war” on Venezuela undercuts the notion upheld by some
on the left who argue that the sanctions were
no more to blame for the nation’s pressing problems than government
mismanagement. An even harsher position on the left affirms that the sanctions
“do
not explain the root causes of the societal collapse we have lived
through.”
Likewise, the forcible removal of Maduro and Flores demonstrates that Washington was intent on dismantling a government whose example and policies ran counter to U.S. interests. Prior to the January 3 kidnapping, some on the left in Venezuela and elsewhere denied that Washington sought to remove Maduro from power because they were convinced that he had effectively sold out.
But they were wrong insofar as Washington clearly wanted Maduro out.
Pedro Eusse, a leading member of the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV), which
broke with the Maduro government in 2020, wrote in July 2025, “Everything indicates
that the true intention of the US and its allies’ policy of aggression toward
the Venezuelan government has not been its overthrow, but its subordination.”
In the case of Cuba, the extreme
measures of the Trump II administration against the nation also shine light on
the cruelty and effectiveness of the system of sanctions per se. Trump’s
navy-enforced quarantine on oil shipments is a first for the nation since the
October 1962 missile crisis. The result has been recurring 16-hour blackouts
that have disrupted water delivery, hospital operations, food production, and
garbage collection.
The quarantine spotlights Cuba’s
near total dependence on oil, in contrast to nearby Jamaica and the Dominican
Republic, which generate a significant share of their electricity from coal and
natural gas. The dependence stems precisely from the sanctions, which impeded
imports and pushed Cuba into relying almost entirely on Venezuelan oil—only for
Trump to cut off that supply too.
Indeed, the quarantine
underscores Cuba’s reliance on Venezuelan oil and the reciprocal solidarity
that saw fuel exchanged for Cuban medical personnel. That’s a plus for Maduro.
The program undercuts the claim of some on the left that Maduro’s foreign policy,
in the words of the PCV, never moved beyond an “anti-imperialist rhetoric”
without substance.
The Washington-crafted narrative on Cuba and the reaction to it by the mainstream media and the Left are curious. In contrast to the demonization directed at Venezuela and Iran, Washington’s condemnation of Cuba has been relatively hollow and has gained little traction in mainstream outlets or left-leaning circles. The anti-Cuba vilification—driven by hardline anti-Communism—remains largely confined to the far right, epi-centered in Miami.
The official rhetoric is a departure from the
wording in 1982 when the State Department designated Cuba as a State Sponsor of
Terrorism due to “its
long history of providing advice, safe haven, communications,
training, and financial support to guerrilla groups and individual terrorists.”
Now the Trump administration’s justification for the same designation is that
the Cuban government grants “safe harbor to
terrorists” and refuses to extradite them.
As false as the narco-terrorism
case against Maduro is, it nonetheless offered a rationale that undoubtedly
resonated with at least a slice of public opinion. Compare that to Marco
Rubio’s line on Cuba which flatly denies the catastrophic effects of the oil
quarantine. Rubio claims “we’ve done
nothing punitive against the Cuban regime” and adds, the blackouts “have
nothing to do with us.” Instead Rubio faults the Cuban leadership on grounds
that “they want
to control everything.” A classic case of victim-blaming, but with few buying
into it. A YouGov survey in March found that only 28
percent of U.S. adults support the U.S.’s blocking of oil shipments to
Cuba, as opposed to 46 percent opposed.
In addition, Rubio’s assertion
that the only novelty is that Cuba is “not getting free Venezuelan oil anymore”
is blatantly fallacious. Rubio is
well aware of Venezuela’s swap with Cuba involving the latter’s International
Medical Brigades, which maintain a sizeable presence in Venezuela and
elsewhere. This is precisely why Rubio has vigorously attempted to sabotage the
program throughout the region, unfortunately with a degree of success.
If the oil quarantine
demonstrates anything it’s that the hardships facing the Cuban people are
rooted in Washington’s war on Cuba, now going on 65 years.
Criticism of Cuban government policies, or of socialism itself, comes in a
distant second place.
The Trump II disaster should
be an eye-opener
Trump’s bullying offensive
abroad has fueled mounting opposition to interventionism and has even fostered
anti-imperialist sentiment in the United States. Just one week into the 2026
Iranian bombings, 53 percent
of the U.S. population opposed the strikes, in sharp contrast to U.S. military
involvement in Vietnam, the Gulf War, Afghanistan, and Iraq, which enjoyed
large majority support at the outset. That the former editor of The New
Republic called the U.S. war on Iran imperialistic is telling. In
a New York Times op-ed, Peter Beinart wrote
“Donald Trump’s foreign policy vision is imperialism.”
One lesson of recent events is particularly relevant for the Left: the demonization of heads of state is a sine qua non for military intervention. In the case of Iran and Venezuela, the discrediting combines some fact with a large dosage of fake news. In the case of Maduro, the demonization which dates back to shortly after he assumed office in 2013, was taken to higher levels as a result of the controversial presidential election of July 28, 2024, which the opposition claimed was fraudulent.
Subsequently the corporate media consistently tagged the word
“autocrat” and “dictator” onto Maduro’s name. Six months later, Trump was in
office and the vilification escalated to a new pitch. Indeed, the branding of
Maduro as a narco-terrorist was an indispensable prelude to the bombing of
boats in the Caribbean and the subsequent kidnappings – notwithstanding the
doubts raised by some media outlets regarding the veracity of the claim.
The takeaway is that the Left
needs to distinguish between criticism and demonization and take cognizance of
the possible dire consequences of the latter.
The demonization of Supreme
Leader Ali Khamenei and his inner circle also set the stage for imperialist
actions, but, of course, his government could not be placed in the same
category as those of Cuba and Venezuela. The Iranian government is theocratic,
not leftist, and it actively defends patriarchal values. Furthermore, the level
of lethal repression unleashed during the Woman, Life, Freedom protests in
2022—and in the demonstrations that erupted beginning late last year—has no
parallel in Venezuela or Cuba.
Nevertheless, the U.S.-imposed
stranglehold on Iran makes a peaceful path to democratization highly unlikely.
Furthermore, as in Venezuela and Cuba, harsh sanctions have been conducive to
shadow economies, clientelist networks, and fraudulent dealings, patterns
well documented in numerous studies on sanctions throughout the world.
Eskandar Sadeghi-Boroujerdi, a
prolific scholar on Iran who is highly critical of the government, told Jacobin “While the
Islamic Republic is paranoid, it is also very much under siege from all sides.”
He also notes the intrinsic relationship between the sanctions and the nation’s
pressing problems: “Sanctions and structural weaknesses of the Iranian economy
feed off one another — there’s a symbiotic relationship between them.”
In short, any serious reading of
Iran must foreground the role of sanctions—an approach that inevitably tempers
the tendency to cast its leadership in purely demonizing terms.
The lessons of July 28, 2024
The issue of the accurateness of
the July 28, 2024, election tallies in Venezuela needs to be reframed. Those
elections could not have been democratic, regardless of the announced results,
because Venezuelan voters had a gun pointed at their heads: reelect Maduro and
the sanctions continue; elect an opposition candidate and the sanctions will be
lifted.
The overwhelming majority of
Venezuelans knew full well what was at stake. Luis Vicente León – the nation’s
leading pollster, himself a member of the opposition – reported that 92
percent of the population believed that the sanctions negatively
impacted the economy, and most characterized the effect as “very negative.”
(The poll puts the lie to the State Department’s repeated claim that the
sanctions only harm government officials.)
A similar scenario played out in the Nicaraguan presidential elections of 1990 when opposition candidate Violeta Chamorro upset the Sandinistas in the midst of a devastating, U.S.-promoted civil war. But there was a fundamental difference. Far from demonizing the Sandinistas, Chamorro accepted a power-sharing transition agreement with them. In contrast, for over a decade prior to the July 28 elections the opposition’s main leader, María Corina Machado, had ruled out negotiations with those who had allegedly violated human rights.
She never tired of voicing the slogans “no
immunity, no to amnesty,” “no agreements with criminals,” often with specific
reference to the Chavistas and to Maduro himself.
Maduro and his followers had every reason to fear the type of repression that
the opposition initiated during the two-day abortive coup it staged in April
2002 against the Chavista government. Even opposition pollster León admitted
that the fear was well-founded.
Marta Harnecker, the renowned
leftist theoretician, wrote that the Sandinistas erred in holding the 1990
elections amid U.S.-promoted violence and sabotage. Harnecker labeled the
decision to organize elections “on
terrain shaped by the counterrevolution” a “strategic error.”
A reevaluation and
reinterpretation of the July 28 elections is instructive. The hard-core
Chavistas accept the official results which showed Maduro winning with nearly
52 percent of the vote. The opposition refutes that claim. A third
position is defended by supporters of Maduro who nevertheless express
skepticism and point out that because of a massive hacking attack from outside
the country, it may be impossible to ever know the true count.
The debate about the accuracy of the official results of July 28 sidesteps the overriding issue of whether the elections should have been held in the first place. Indeed, the idea of conditioning elections on the lifting of sanctions was not far-fetched. A year before the elections, Maduro, in a reference to the United States, declared: “If they want free elections, we want elections free of sanctions.”
Subsequently, Elvis Amoroso, the Chavista head of the nation’s electoral
council, tied the participation of European Union electoral observers to its
lifting of sanctions. At the same time, the Biden administration indicated its
willingness to bargain with the Venezuelan government along those lines.
Carlos Ron, a former
vice-minister and currently an analyst for Tricontinental, told me that the
Chavista leadership ruled out delaying the elections in order to demonstrate
its democratic credentials in the face of the international smear campaign. Ron
said “At that moment, greater importance was placed on the need to defend the
democratic character of the Bolivarian political process and its continuity,
and abide by the Constitution, in the face of imperialist pressures.”
Maduro’s intentions may have
been commendable. But the decision overlooked one compelling reason to suspend
the electoral process. Tying the holding of elections to the removal of the
sanctions would have placed the entire blame for setbacks to democracy where it
belonged: U.S. intervention in Venezuela’s internal affairs.
In defense of democracy
As a rule, the Left has always
championed the defense of democracy. In this sense, the Left’s vision compares
favorably with U.S.-style “liberal democracy,” shaped by the influence of big
money and other inherently undemocratic practices such as gerrymandering, the
Electoral College and voter suppression.
Historically, however, the Left
has faced formidable obstacles on this front. For instance, it has come to
power in countries like Russia, China and Cuba that were lacking in democratic
tradition. That, however, was the least of the problem. Its main problem has
been, and continues to be, imperialist hostility which limits options.
Precisely for that reason, the
Left needs to tread cautiously in the way it frames the issue of democracy in
nations that are in the crosshairs of imperialism. In the three countries
discussed in this article, the Left can’t deny that democracy has been infringed
upon. The Maduro government, for instance, stripped the PCV – the country’s
oldest political party, forged in a history of militant struggle including two
periods of clandestine resistance and armed struggle in the 1950s and 1960s –
of its legal status, transferring recognition to a marginal breakaway faction
that appropriated its name and symbols.
Nor can it deny that discontent
is currently widespread in the three nations, which became most evident in the
Iranian “Woman, Life, Freedom” protests and those of the first days of this
year. In Cuba and Venezuela, protests reflect widespread disillusionment, even
while the mobilizations have been manipulated and financed from abroad.
One troubling sign in Venezuela
is that the disturbances have spread out from upper-middle class neighborhoods
where they were confined during the 4-month protests (the “guarimba”) of 2014
and, albeit less so, during those of 2017. The two days following the July 28,
2024 elections, for instance, protests were registered in Caracas barrios such
as Petare, the city’s largest. Reflecting on the protests, long-standing
Caracas resident and international commentator Phil Gunson reported “Petare is
a traditionally Chavista zone, but ever since a few years ago, people have been
distancing themselves from the government.”
The Left can’t turn its back on
this reality. But nor can it join mainstream voices that channel
dissatisfaction into blanket vilification of governments under imperial siege.
Rather its line has to be basically: “What do you expect!” In the face of hyper-imperialist
aggression these countries are at war, figuratively and in some cases literally
speaking. Criticism needs to be framed within this context.
Lenin’s concept of democratic
centralism – the principle designed to guide the internal workings of his
political party – is instructive. In his writing throughout his political
career, party democracy remained a constant, but the degree of centralism depended
on the political climate in the nation. Along similar lines, the Left’s
adherence to democracy can never be minimized. However, valid criticism of
undemocratic practices in countries like Venezuela and Cuba in which the Left
is in power needs to be viewed as overreactions to imperialist aggression.
In this era of intensified
hyper-imperialism, the Left is compelled to stand behind nations like Cuba and Venezuela and recognize that the real blame for backsliding including
violation of democratic norms lies with imperialism. The barbaric actions of Trump
II are making this imperative clearer than ever.
Steve Ellner is a retired
professor of the Universidad de Oriente in Venezuela where he lived for over 40
years and is currently Associate Managing Editor of Latin American
Perspectives. He is the author and editor of over a dozen books on Latin
American politics and history. In 2018 he spoke in over twenty cities in the
U.S. and Canada as part of a Venezuelan solidarity tour.






