Thomas Hobbes took
a very dim view of rebels and insurrectionists. He believed that
insurrectionists relinquish their status as citizens the moment they seek to
overthrow the government and should never be rewarded for doing so.
Hobbes, one of the finest political theorists of his time, said this in his great political treatise, “Leviathan,” published in 1651 during a civil war in England and Scotland. Hobbes would likely also take a dim view of a major development announced by the Trump administration on May 20, 2026.
The U.S. Department of Justice has established a US$1.776
billion “Anti-Weaponization Fund,” to be used, the AP reports,
to “allow people who believe they were targeted for prosecution for political
purposes, including by the Biden administration Justice Department, to apply
for payouts.”
The fund, Acting Attorney General Todd Blanche said, offers “a lawful process for victims of lawfare and weaponization to be heard and seek redress.” Critics immediately charged that it might be used to compensate people involved in – some even convicted for – the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the Capitol. Blanche has not ruled out that possibility.
The establishment of the fund is part of a settlement
agreement, in response to which President Donald Trump dropped
his $10 billion lawsuit against the Internal Revenue Service for
damages stemming from the leak
of his tax returns. Those leaks, the lawsuit alleged, “caused Plaintiffs
reputational and financial harm, public embarrassment, unfairly tarnished their
business reputations, portrayed them in a false light, and negatively affected
President Trump.”
A
DOJ press release indicates the fund will provide “formal apologies
and monetary relief” to those who file claims and will cease processing claims
“no later than” Dec. 1, 2028. It will be run by a five-person board appointed
by the attorney general, and the president will also have the power to remove
board members.
Whether or not Jan. 6 participants benefit, some
believe that this situation creates an unavoidable appearance of
self-dealing and favoritism. As
a student of American law and political morality, I think there are
important moral and constitutional issues implicated by the president’s suit
against the IRS and the creation of the Anti-Weaponization Fund.
Some of them are straightforward; others are less so.
Acting U.S. Attorney General Todd Blanche testified about the compensation fund during a Senate Committee on May 19, 2026, in Washington, D.C. Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images
An obvious question is: Should taxpayer funds be given to
Trump allies, in a settlement reached by the Trump-controlled DOJ as
compensation for a Trump family lawsuit?
As far back as ancient Greece, philosophers like
Aristotle have
worried about what happens when people are called on to make judgments
in cases where they are involved. Aristotle thought that the natural instinct
for self-preservation meant that they would always favor themselves. From that
concern emerged what was then, and remains, an uncontroversial, bedrock moral
principle.
In the Roman world, the Latin phrase “Nemo
iudex in causa sua” meant “no one should be a judge in their own
cause.” It recognized that anyone having a personal interest should not get to
decide matters in which they are involved.
In the English-speaking world, Hobbes
himself reiterated that phrase as he explained some of the advantages
of living in an organized society, which could supply impartial judges to
resolve disputes. And in 1787, James Madison wrote, “No man is
allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly
bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity.”
Commentators reacting to the Justice Department’s
decision to establish an Anti-Weaponization Fund to settle the president’s
claims against the IRS have drawn on these longstanding principles to criticize
it, including how the DOJ, which is part of the executive branch controlled by
Trump, negotiated with him to reach this settlement.
The conservative
lawyer and activist Ed Whelan said, “There is a glaring conflict of
interest with Trump being on both sides of the claim.” Whelan added, “It is
outrageous that he and those answering to him would be deciding how the
government responds to these extravagant claims.”
In testimony on May 19, 2026, before the Senate
Appropriations Committee, Blanche offered
a different view. He said the
settlement fund was not unprecedented and likened it to a
different fund, established by the Obama administration, to settle
discrimination claims brought by Native American and Black farmers.
“It’s not limited to Republicans. It’s not limited to
Democrats,” Blanche added.
“It’s not limited to January 6th defendants. It’s limited only by the term
weaponization.” Blanche promised that payments from the fund will be publicly
disclosed.
Negotiating with himself:
In April, Kathleen Williams, the Florida federal judge
who was presiding over Trump’s lawsuit, reframed the moral issue of
self-dealing as a legal one. She questioned whether
the case could go on, noting “President Trump’s own remarks about this matter
acknowledge the unique dynamic of this litigation.”
The remarks she referenced occurred when the
president talked
about the lawsuit and the
prospect of negotiating with himself. “And they do say that, you know,
it’s never been a case like this. Donald Trump sues the United States of
America. Donald Trump becomes president, and now Donald Trump has to settle the
suit.”
Williams, the judge, wrote that “it is unclear to this
Court whether the Parties are sufficiently adverse to each other so as to
satisfy Article III’s case or controversy requirement.” That requirement means
that a court can only rule when there is a real dispute before it.
That rule is designed to prevent so-called collusive lawsuits,
in which “the parties are not actually in disagreement but are cooperating” to
achieve a result. Judge Williams was scheduled to hear arguments on that
question on May 20, 2026. But the settlement announcement was made two days
before, and, in light of it, she dismissed the
case.
Could the new settlement fund’s payments go to rioters
who attacked the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021?
Back to Hobbes:
Beyond the case and controversy question, the Justice
Department’s actions may implicate constitutional issues. One is whether, under
the constitutional separation of powers, the executive branch has the
authority to create a victim compensation fund, or whether that authority
rests with Congress.
Another is whether the fund violates
the Constitution’s Emoluments Clause, which prohibits the president from
receiving any “Emolument from the United States” other than his salary. While
the new fund may not make direct payments to Trump, he may benefit from
payments to family members, business associates and others who will claim to
have been victimized by the Biden administration, including people prosecuted
and convicted of crimes committed on Jan. 6.
Democratic Congressman Jamie Raskin, a
former professor of constitutional law, also
contends that what the Justice Department has done violates Section 4 of the
14th Amendment, part of
which states: “neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay
any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the
United States.” Referring to the president, Raskin
argues hypothetically, “So, to the extent that he wants to give a
million dollars to each of 1,600 pardoned rioters and insurrectionists, we
think that that’s an unconstitutional use of money.”
That section of the 14th Amendment was designed to ensure that
Confederate rebels would not receive compensation for the value of their
emancipated slaves. However, in Perry v. United
States, a 1935 case, the Supreme Court stated that Section 4’s “language
indicates a broader connotation” beyond its Civil War context.
It seems clear that courts will soon be asked to decide
whether Raskin and other legal critics are right in their assertions of a host
of legal problems with the Anti-Weaponization Fund. How they will do so remains
to be seen. But, in a democracy, deciding whether the creation of the fund
violates the moral maxim that no one can be a judge in his or her own cause
ultimately will be up to the people.
- Austin Sarat,
William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Science,
Amherst College
-The Conversation




