Smoke from Canadian wildfires continued to prompt air
quality alerts Monday in the Northeast U.S. as well as the Upper Midwest. Michigan
saw a statewide air quality advisory on Monday, and while
Minnesota is seeing some relief, the wildfire smoke is persisting in Wisconsin and spreading across New York, Vermont and Maine.
Canada is experiencing its second-worst wildfire season on
record, according to government data. There have been nearly 4,000 fires
recorded already this calendar year. Exposure to wildfire smoke is a growing
health problem across the country, as human-caused climate change increases the
risk and intensity of wildfires and the smoke that can drift thousands of miles
downwind from them.
Here's what you need to know about the health risks —
and how to protect yourself.
The health risks of breathing wildfire smoke
May-Lin
Wilgus, a pulmonologist and professor at UCLA, compares breathing wildfire
smoke to smoking cigarettes — a lot of cigarettes. Scientists track air quality
with the air
quality index, or AQI, which incorporates different pollution sources like
ozone and fine particulates. Many scientists don't think there's a
"safe" AQI level because the measurement doesn't capture many harmful pollutants,
but under 50 is often considered acceptable. Higher numbers indicate more
health-damaging pollution in the air.
Monday,
August 4, the AQI in Detroit was at least 159. On a smoky day, when AQI
levels reach 100 to 200, "the exposure to the fine particulate matter, the
air pollution, is similar to smoking a quarter to half a pack a day," Wilgus says.
That exposure takes a toll on a healthy person. But it is
particularly harmful for those with preexisting health issues, Wilgus adds.
Emergency room visits for respiratory issues like asthma and COPD increase
dramatically during wildfire smoke events, as much as doubling
in some cases. During the Canadian wildfires in 2023, when smoke
wafted across much of the U.S., emergency room visits for asthma increased
by nearly 20%.
Smoke exposure can also worsen
other medical conditions. Emergency departments see more cardiovascular related visits after smoky days. And a
growing body of research suggests smoke exposure is linked to long-term impacts
such as a higher risk of developing dementia.
Overall, air quality has improved in the U.S. over the
past 20 years, says Tarik Benmarhnia, a climate and health scientist at the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.
But wildfire smoke is erasing many of those gains.
"Just maybe like 10 years ago, wildfire was an
exceptional issue. It was something that happens once in a lifetime for most
people," he says. But climate change has increased the chance of wildfires
across many parts of the country and the intensity of many of the burns
themselves and the smoke they produce. "This is unfortunately not the
first one and not the last one the people in Los Angeles are going to be
experiencing," Benmarhnia says.
Life Kit explains.
The dangers of breathing wildfire smoke
Wildfires burn at extremely high temperatures, which
makes their ash more toxic than other pollution, such as car exhaust. But in
many cases, including during these ongoing fires, it's not just trees and
organic matter that burn. Homes, cars and other materials go up in flames, too,
adding potentially harmful particles to the pollution load.
"It's just a toxic soup," says Lisa Miller, a
wildfire smoke expert at the University of California, Davis. "Think of
all the synthetic fibers that are present in your living room — in your couch,
in your carpet, in your clothes. All those things can be particularly
toxic" if they go up in smoke, she says.
Higher risks for some people
Wildfire smoke is hazardous for everyone, but it's
especially dangerous for some people, including children and older adults,
pregnant people and anyone with preexisting health problems.
First responders and firefighters are exposed to the
worst of the smoke. A 2019 study found that heavy, repeated smoke exposure
among wildland firefighters is linked with higher risks of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. Children
can be especially vulnerable, doctors say, because they breathe in
more air — and therefore more smoke — relative to their body size.
Pregnant people should also take care, says Miller.
There's growing evidence that wildfire smoke exposure is linked with higher chances of preterm birth and lower
birth weights, an outcome sometimes linked with health issues later in life. Older people and those with
preexisting health problems like heart issues are also at higher risk. The
Shots Blog breaks down advice for how to protect people who are
more at risk from wildfire smoke.
How to protect yourself from wildfire smoke
"If you can smell smoke, those are times to limit
your exposure as much as possible," says Wilgus. She says the best way to
protect yourself is to leave the area and get outside the range of the wildfire
smoke, if possible.
If that's not an option, she suggests staying indoors
with the windows tightly shut. Limit your physical activity. Run an air filter
if you have one. If you have to go outside, consider wearing an N95 mask, which
effectively blocks most tiny particles from getting into your lungs if worn
correctly.
No level of exposure to wildfire smoke is completely
safe, says Miller. But toxicologists have a saying, she says: "The dose
makes the poison. It's about how much, and how long, you're exposed." That
means everything you can do to limit the dose, she says, helps protect you.
Editor's note: This story has been updated to
reflect the current wildfire smoke conditions in the U.S. The original story
was published Jan. 8, 2025.
For more tips, check out Life Kit's guide.
NPR, by Alejandra
Borunda & Julia
Simon
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