“During
a recent Senate committee hearing on the
COVID-19 crisis, Dr. Anthony Fauci told lawmakers he was concerned about ‘a
lack of trust of authority, a lack of trust in government.’ He had reason to be
worried. The Pew Center reported that July 7 only 17% of people in the U.S. have
confidence in government to do the right thing. Never in the history of their
surveys, which began in 1958, has that confidence been so low. Why is trust so
low and why does that matter, especially during a crisis – and especially
during this crisis?
No playbook
“The
dilemma of leadership in modern democracy has long been the focus of my
scholarship and teaching. I have asked what qualities and virtues leaders need to
preside over a government of, by and for the people. If it’s a challenging
topic, it is also one never lacking for material. The current era points
especially to the importance of trust for effective and legitimate leadership
in democracies.
“The
story begins with a basic principle of democracy: Leaders cannot do whatever
they please. The drafters of the United States Constitution assumed that anyone
with power would always have the opportunity – and often the temptation – to
abuse it. To protect society from unruly rulers, they set up an obstacle course
of elaborate procedures, checks and balances, separated powers and a stringent rule of law that applied to everyone, even
those who wrote the laws.
“In
this system, inefficiency and complexity became virtues. Deliberation trumped
dispatch. It isn’t easy for leaders to act, and it is not supposed to be. That’s
a problem during a crisis. Emergencies require swift, decisive steps, sometimes
improvised and often pushing the boundaries of formal authority. There’s no
playbook, and those hurdles designed to prevent leaders from doing bad things
may now prevent them from doing necessary things.
“Even John Locke, the 17th-century British
philosopher so influential in the American approach to accountability and
limited government, understood that stuff happens. And when it does, the
machinery of government may prove too slow and cumbersome. With regret but cold
realism, Locke conceded that when severe threats appear, ‘There is a latitude
left to the executive power, to do many things of choice which the laws do not prescribe.’
Discretion granted; trust needed
“That’s
precisely when trust becomes critical. The discretion granted to democratic
leaders in times of crisis – the room they have to maneuver – depends entirely
on how much the people trust them. And that depends on their competency,
honesty and commitment to the public interest.
“One
of Dwight Eisenhower’s biographers explains that discipline was
central to his leadership style. Eisenhower leaned heavily on experts and had
the patience and persistence to navigate the complex machinery of government.
Sometimes that made him appear cautious, but few questioned his competence.
“Today
German Chancellor Angela Merkel embodies the same set of skills, a cool,
measured and rational approach that inspires confidence. High among her leadership
qualities is a projection of competence, no doubt enhanced by Germany’s success
responding to the pandemic.
“The
Financial Times political columnist Gideon Rachman wonders if the pandemic will
ultimately be a setback for populist leaders such as Boris Johnson in Great
Britain, Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil and Donald Trump in the United States. They
seem thrilled by the theater of politics but bored by the details of governing.
As their countries suffer some of the worst effects of the pandemic, Rachman believes citizens
will rediscover the value of sheer competence.
Honesty and the public interest
“Telling
the truth also earns trust. But honesty is more than just conveying basic facts.
It is the capacity to explain the crisis, the sacrifice required and the path
to a solution. Roosevelt during the Depression, Churchill
during World War II, Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis and Bush in the aftermath of 9/11 (at least
the immediate aftermath) were granted considerable discretion because they
accurately described and credibly interpreted the challenge facing the people.
“In
the current crisis, medical professionals have told the inconvenient truths about
the pandemic. Political leaders at the national level have offered false hopes and misleading information.
That is why trust in medical professionals in the
United States far exceeds trust in elected officials.
“Finally,
trust is given when leaders act in the public interest, not their own
self-interest. Perhaps the most damning indictment in John Bolton’s book about his time in the
Trump administration was this assessment of the president: ‘I am hard-pressed
to identify a significant Trump decision during my tenure that wasn’t driven by
reelection calculations.’
“One 2016 Trump voter explained his recent
change of heart even more bluntly: ‘It was like this dude is just in it for
himself. I thought he was supposed to be for the people.’ If that perception
becomes widespread, it will deplete whatever stock of trust citizens have left
for the president. Those Pew measures of trust are
fundamental expressions of whether citizens believe leaders will forsake their
own immediate interests to serve a public interest.
“Dr.
Fauci is right. A solution to the pandemic requires testing, contact tracing,
masks, social distancing and ultimately a vaccine. It also requires leaders who
are competent, honest and committed to the public interest – leaders who are
trustworthy. The absence of trust jeopardizes an effective response to a health
crisis. But it also creates a political crisis, a loss of faith in democracy as
a way to govern ourselves. Public health in the U.S. is at stake. So is the
health of democracy” (The Conversation).
Kenneth P. Ruscio is a Senior Distinguished
Lecturer, Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond
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