“The coronavirus can infect anyone, but recent reporting has shown your
socioeconomic status can play a big role, with a combination of job security,
access to health care and mobility widening the gap in infection and mortality
rates between rich and poor.
“The wealthy work remotely and flee to resorts or pastoral second homes,
while the urban poor are packed into small apartments and compelled to keep
showing up to work.
“As a medievalist, I’ve seen a version of this
story before. Following the 1348 Black Death in Italy, the Italian writer
Giovanni Boccaccio wrote a collection of 100 novellas titled, The Decameron. These stories, though
fictional, give us a window into medieval life during the Black Death – and how
some of the same fissures opened up between the rich and the poor. Cultural
historians today see The Decameron as an invaluable source of
information on everyday life in 14th-century Italy.
“Boccaccio was born in 1313 as the illegitimate son
of a Florentine banker. A product of the middle class, he wrote, in The
Decameron, stories about merchants and servants. This was unusual for his
time, as medieval literature tended to focus on the lives of the nobility.
“The Decameron begins with a gripping, graphic
description of the Black Death, which was so virulent that a person who
contracted it would die within four to seven days. Between 1347 and
1351, it killed between 40% and 50% of Europe’s
population. Some of Boccaccio’s own family members died.
“In this opening section, Boccaccio describes the rich secluding
themselves at home, where they enjoy quality wines and provisions, music and
other entertainment. The very wealthiest – whom Boccaccio describes as ‘ruthless’
– deserted their neighborhoods altogether, retreating to comfortable estates in
the countryside, ‘as though the plague was meant to harry only those remaining
within their city walls.’
“Meanwhile, the middle class or poor, forced to stay at home, ‘caught
the plague by the thousand right there in their own neighborhood, day after day’
and swiftly passed away. Servants dutifully attended to the sick in wealthy
households, often succumbing to the illness themselves. Many, unable to leave
Florence and convinced of their imminent death, decided to simply drink and
party away their final days in nihilistic revelries, while in rural areas,
laborers died ‘like brute beasts rather than human beings; night and day, with
never a doctor to attend them.’
“After the bleak description of the plague, Boccaccio shifts to
the 100 stories. They’re narrated by 10 nobles who have fled the pallor of
death hanging over Florence to luxuriate in amply stocked country mansions.
From there, they tell their tales.
“One key issue in The Decameron is how wealth and
advantage can impair people’s abilities to empathize with the hardships of
others. Boccaccio begins the forward with the proverb, ‘It is inherently human
to show pity to those who are afflicted.’ Yet in many of the tales he goes on
to present characters who are sharply indifferent to the pain of others,
blinded by their own drives and ambition.
“In one fantasy story, a dead man returns from hell every Friday
and ritually slaughters the same woman who had rejected him when he was alive.
In another, a widow fends off a leering priest by tricking him into sleeping
with her maid. In a third, the narrator praises a character for his undying
loyalty to his friend when, in fact, he has profoundly betrayed that friend
over many years.
“Humans, Boccaccio seems to be saying, can think of themselves
as upstanding and moral – but unawares, they may show indifference to others.
We see this in the 10 storytellers themselves: They make a pact to live
virtuously in their well-appointed retreats. Yet while they pamper themselves,
they indulge in some stories that illustrate brutality, betrayal and
exploitation.
“Boccaccio wanted to challenge his readers, and make them think
about their responsibilities to others. ‘The Decameron’ raises the
questions: How do the rich relate to the poor during times of widespread
suffering? What is the value of a life?
“In our own pandemic – with some of the most well-off now
clamoring for the economy to re-open, despite the ongoing spread of the
disease – these issues are strikingly relevant.”
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