Washington — The Supreme Court on Monday
ruled that removal protections for members of the Federal Trade Commission are
unconstitutional and overturned a 90-year-old decision that allowed Congress to
shield members of certain independent agencies from being fired by the
president at will.
The decision from the high court expands the president's
power over many independent boards and commissions, which Congress had
insulated from political pressure by saying their members could only be removed
by the president for cause.
In a 1935 decision in a case known as Humphrey's Executor v. United States, which involved removal protections for the FTC, the Supreme Court said Congress could restrict the president's ability to fire officials from multi-member agencies at will. But the ruling from the high court's conservative majority in the case Trump v. Slaughter overturns that 90-year-old decision and marks the culmination of a years-long weakening of the New Deal-era precedent.
The court's ruling
The ruling was 6 to 3, with Chief Justice John Roberts
writing for the majority, joined by the other conservative justices. The three
liberals dissented, and Justice Sonia Sotomayor read a summary of her dissent
from the bench, a rare occurrence that signals strong disagreement with a
decision. Roberts wrote that limits on the president's ability to fire those
who wield executive power on his behalf infringe on his constitutional
authority.
The FTC of today, the court's majority found, "unquestionably" exercises executive powers and therefore must be under the president's control. "Although it is up to the Senate to decide whether to confirm those with whom the President would prefer to work, neither Congress nor the courts may saddle him with those with whom he cannot work," Roberts wrote. "Subordinates who exercise the President's power are subject to removal by him. Then, and only then, can they remain accountable to the President, and the President to the people."
The decision is likely to have ramifications beyond the
FTC. Congress has created more than two dozen multi-member agencies led by
officials who can be removed by the president only for cause, which typically
means instances of inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance in office.
Among those agencies likely to be affected by the Supreme Court's ruling are
the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and
the National Labor Relations Board.
In a dissenting opinion joined by Justices Elena Kagan and Ketanji Brown Jackson, Sotomayor warned that while those agencies remain, they now take on a new form that differs from what Congress intended when they were created. "Put simply, today the majority reshapes our government. Dozens of independent commissions are now likely to become purely executive agencies, shifting tremendous power over broad swaths of American life into the President's hands," she wrote.
President Trump cheered the decision as the "Greatest Increase in
Presidential Power in the last 100 years. Such a Monumental Ruling at such an
important time!"
The Slaughter case
Mr. Trump has sought to test the bounds of his executive power since returning to the White House for his second term in January 2025, including by firing a slew of officials appointed by Democratic presidents at multi-member boards and commissions without cause. Among those was Rebecca Slaughter, whom Mr. Trump appointed to the FTC during his first term. She was reappointed to the trade commission by President Joe Biden.
Slaughter was informed in March 2025 that her service on
the FTC was "inconsistent" with the Trump administration's priorities
and was fired from her post without cause. That clashed with the law that
established the FTC in 1914, when Congress said commissioners could only be
removed for inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance in office.
Slaughter filed a lawsuit challenging her removal and
argued Mr. Trump broke the law when he fired her. A federal district court
ruled in her favor and ordered Slaughter to be reinstated to her post. The U.S.
appeals court in Washington, D.C., eventually agreed that she could continue in
her job at the trade commission, but last September, the Supreme Court allowed Mr. Trump
to fire her while it considered the legality of removal protections
for FTC members.
Before agreeing to decide Slaughter's case, the Supreme
Court had also cleared
the way for Mr. Trump to oust members of the National Labor Relations
Board, Merit Systems Protection Board and Consumer
Product Safety Commission. But the high court has so far spared
two other officials from removal while litigation continues: Lisa
Cook, a member of the Federal Reserve's Board of Governors, and Shira
Perlmutter, the register of copyrights.
The justices heard arguments in January over whether to
allow Mr. Trump to fire Cook from the Fed Board. The Supreme Court has
indicated before that it views the Fed differently than other independent
agencies, calling it a "uniquely structured, quasi-private entity that
follows in the distinct historical tradition of the First and Second
Banks."
In an opinion also authored by Roberts, the high court rejected Mr. Trump's attempt to fire Cook while the challenge to her removal moved forward. The Supreme Court reiterated in its ruling involving the FTC that it does not implicate the constitutionality of the Fed's removal restrictions. It also stressed that the decision does not address tenure protections for judges on the U.S. Tax Court or the Court of Federal Claims, with Roberts writing that the justices are leaving "those questions for another day."
"All we do today is recognize what has been clear
for a century — that those who fall within the President's 'general
administrative control' must be removable by the President at will," he
wrote.
The high court's decision in Slaughter's case is the
latest in a line of recent decisions that chipped
away at Humphrey's Executor and expanded the president's power over
independent agencies. The Supreme Court invalidated removal protections for
the director
of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in 2020 and the head of
the Federal Housing Finance Agency in 2021.
-Melissa Quinn, NewsBreak
Humphrey's Executor: Humphrey's Executor v. United States | 295 U.S. 602 (1935) | Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center





