
This week in the Anthropocene
The road is dusty and trash strewn. My friend and
collaborator Colby Groves is hanging out the car window as I drive, gazing at a
patchwork of solar panels lined up behind a chain-link fence. “This has to be it,” declares Colby, balancing a large
camera on his lap, hoping it doesn’t bounce off as we traverse a series of
bumps and divots.
We are in this land of scorching sun and heat, searching
for a large Amazon solar installation in rural San Bernardino County,
California. This is the home of the endangered desert tortoise and Joshua
trees, but more recently, it’s become a plaything for greedy Silicon Valley
entrepreneurs.
In 2024, Jeff Bezos’ Amazon connected its Baldy Mesa
solar-and-storage project, which helps to power the company’s nearby data
centers, to the electrical grid, earning accolades for
its use of renewable energy. It’s the first of its kind in California. Despite
its gargantuan size, the project faced very little opposition, as is often the
case with such “green” projects.
As we step out of the car, we immediately hear the loud
hum of a football-field’s worth of batteries, powered by solar panels that
surround us in every direction. The entire setup is connected to the grid by
towering transmission lines. Altogether, this sprawling array covers 1,500
acres of Mojave Desert habitat, almost twice the size of New York City’s
Central Park.
Baldy Mesa’s impact on this delicate ecology is stark and
tangible. Where Joshua trees once stood, Lego-like blocks of batteries the size
of shipping containers now buzz and radiate heat. Where coyotes once scampered
and desert tortoises burrowed, solar panels now blanket the landscape. Amazon
avoided controversy by relocating 153
doomed Joshua trees, but the fact remains, there’s not a single Joshua tree
where these photovoltaic panels now sit.
This particular Amazon Web Services (AWS) facility is an
AI-driven machine-learning operation capable of analyzing 33
billion data points each year. That’s over 90 million data points a
day. They claim it will allow their batteries to run more efficiently, while
making you a better, wiser consumer of Amazon’s products and services.
As far as corporate marketing gimmicks go, this sure
sounds nice. Yet, as I stand in the middle of Amazon’s solar farm, I can’t
help but wonder what this desert must have been like before they decided it was
better suited to powering AI programs. What was it like out here when the
soil could still sequester carbon?
Building on these lands has eliminated its ability to absorb fossil-fuel
pollution. These solar panels are actually hurting the climate, not helping it
out.
Even though this behemoth runs on renewable energy,
nothing about it feels eco-friendly. Like so much of this AI-driven
madness, there is a very post-apocalyptic aura to it all, made worse by the
fact that Jeff Bezos is reaping the spoils. “Wow, look at that.” Colby points to a fence set up to
protect the battery installation. The gate is wide open.
Someone more inclined to commit sabotage would have no
difficulty gaining access. But we aren’t here for data center mischief. Colby
sets up his tripod to shoot footage to accompany Bad
Energy, my forthcoming book exploring the downside of
the so-called green energy transition.
Few people will ever make their way to this remote spot
in the Mojave to witness firsthand what Amazon has wrought. Aerial
photographs obscure the reality of what it’s like on the ground amid
the AI upheaval being thrust upon us without our consent. And, despite my many misgivings, this whole monstrosity
is allegedly one of the better ones. Most new data centers aren’t powered by
renewables but by fossil fuels.
Unless you’ve been slithering under a rock for the last
few years (I empathize!), you know data centers are bad news.
-They suck up water. 17.4
billion gallons annually in the US.
-They burn electricity. 176 terawatt-hours (4%
of all US energy use) yearly. Globally, they use 415 terawatt-hours, which is
more than that of only 10
countries.
-They are creating heat islands. In some cases, warming
the land around them by 16 degrees Fahrenheit.
-They eat up land. The average data center is the
equivalent of 450 football
fields.
-They aren’t long-term job producers. Even the Wall
Street Journal calls data
centers a “job-creation bust.” And of course, they are the beating heart of the AI
revolution, which is encroaching on every aspect of our lives.
But really, how bad are these damn things? After all,
they aren’t a new invention; they’ve been around since the dawn of the computer
age. Yet, something is quantitatively different about what’s
happening. At the current pace, data centers globally will require $1 trillion in
annual infrastructure investment by the end of the decade.
It helps to put all of this in numbers. In the United States, there are between 1,500 and 1,600
data centers in the planning or construction phase, with over 4,000 already
operating. A Pew study estimates that
67% of these new plants are coming to rural America, where 87% of existing
centers currently operate in urban zones.
There are 754 data centers planned in the South. 277 in
the West. 419 in the Midwest and 106 in the Northeast. Right now, Pew has shown
38% of Americans live within 5 miles of a data center.
Globally, there are 11,000+ data centers, and economies
of scale are expected to dominate. This means the footprint of future data
centers will matter more than the number of data centers being built. The
energy required for this growth, as the Southern Environmental Law Center predicts,
will supercharge climate chaos.
This is because many of these new plants use natural gas
to generate power. Natural gas, while not as dirty as coal, releases methane,
which, in the short term, is even more harmful than carbon dioxide. Gas plants
also emit carbon. Lots of it. A study released in April predicted that just
three of Microsoft’s AI-powered, methane-gas-powered data center projects will
double the company’s carbon footprint and spew large
amounts of pollution.
Another paper from researchers at Cornell predicts that
up to 44 million metric tons of CO2 will be emitted by decade’s end if
operators continue to rely on natural gas to power their data centers. As
Grist reports,
that’s like adding 10 million new vehicles on the road. The UN
just published a study stating that
by 2030, data centers will account for 3% of the world’s total energy use, a
total of 935 terawatt-hours of electricity, emitting 440 million tons of carbon
dioxide
This week, Columbia Riverkeeper (a fantastic org
that deserves your support)
dropped a startling
report on what planned data centers will do in their corner of the
Pacific Northwest. The study exposes how fossil fuel companies, utilities, and
Big Tech are colluding to use the surge in data center development to expand
gas-fired power plants and more pipelines.
“After years of progress toward achieving our region’s
climate goals, we’re suddenly a potential new market for the fossil fuel
industry,” says my friend Audrey Leonard, a staff attorney for Columbia
Riverkeeper. “Cloaked under a shroud of secrecy, Big Tech opened the window,
and now the gas industry is poised to seize an opportunity to build.”
This is a microcosm of what is happening nationwide. Data
centers, fueled by massive capital investments in AI, will make it even harder
to reduce the country’s contribution to climate chaos.
Then there’s the issue of water. A crowdsourced
map compiled by Erin Brockovich shows that many data centers in the
United States are operating in areas experiencing extreme drought.
This isn’t good news where water conservation is needed, which may soon be much
of the country. As mentioned above, data centers in the US, by one estimate,
directly consumed 17.4
billion gallons of water per year. As more of these centers get built,
that amount is expected to grow to 38-73
billion gallons annually. That’s a lot of water, more than the cities of Seattle or San
Francisco use in an entire year.
-Joshua Frank, CounterPunch